The vocal cords allow us to produce sound by using air while breathing. Therefore, they are very important for our overall health. Prolonged irritation, smoking, alcohol consumption, or certain infections can cause changes in the vocal cords. Some of these changes carry a risk of developing into cancer.
Significant Changes in the Vocal Cords That Carry Risk
White Patches
Appear as white-colored areas on the vocal cords.
Most commonly caused by smoking and irritation.
Some white patches can turn into cancer, so medical evaluation is necessary.
Red Patches
Appear as red, flat, or slightly raised areas.
Have a higher risk of becoming cancerous compared to white patches.
Doctors usually take a tissue sample from these areas for examination.
Cellular Abnormalities (Dysplasia)
Refers to irregularities in the cells on the surface of the vocal cords.
Classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Severe dysplasia carries a risk of developing into cancer and usually requires medical intervention.
Who Is at Risk for Precancerous Lesions?
Smokers or tobacco users
Individuals with high alcohol consumption
Those experiencing acid reflux or chronic irritation
Individuals exposed to certain viruses, such as HPV
Older adults or people with a genetic predisposition
Possible Symptoms of Precancerous Lesions
Precancerous lesions or changes in the vocal cords are often not noticeable in the early stages, but some symptoms may occur. Knowing these symptoms is important for seeking early medical attention:
Persistent Hoarseness:
- The voice may sound lower, strained, or muffled than normal. Short-term hoarseness is usually related to a cold or flu, but any changes lasting more than 2–3 weeks should be evaluated by a doctor.
Voice Fatigue or Early Tiring:
- If the voice tires quickly or becomes exhausted earlier than normal while speaking, it may indicate irritation or changes in the vocal cords.
Voice Breaks or Variations in Tone:
- Sometimes the voice may sound different from normal while speaking, and it may occasionally be shaky or intermittent.
Mild Throat Discomfort or Irritation:
- There may be a burning sensation, tickling, or a feeling of a foreign object in the throat. Usually, there is no severe pain, but persistent discomfort should be taken seriously.
Wheezing or Difficulty Breathing:
- Large or advanced lesions can narrow the airway, making it harder to breathe or causing wheezing.
Occasional Difficulty Swallowing:
- Changes in the vocal cords or upper larynx may cause mild difficulty while eating.
Swelling or Lump in the Neck (in advanced cases):
- Rarely, swelling of the lymph nodes may be observed; this can be a sign of advanced changes.
How Are Diagnosis and Follow-Up Conducted?
Special instruments are used to examine the vocal cords to determine if any changes are present. During this examination, the movements of the vocal cords are observed, and video recordings may be taken if necessary. Tissue samples are taken from suspicious areas and sent for laboratory analysis; this helps determine whether the changes carry a risk of becoming cancerous.
Once a diagnosis is made, if the condition is mild and does not require surgical intervention, regular vocal cord examinations are recommended. These follow-ups are usually performed every 3 to 6 months to monitor whether lesions are growing or if new changes are developing. Regular check-ups allow for early intervention and reduce the risk of cancer development.
How Are Precancerous Lesions Treated?
When changes in the vocal cords that carry a risk of becoming cancerous are detected, doctors usually recommend three main approaches.
The first step is lifestyle modification. Smoking and alcohol consumption should be stopped, and the voice should not be unnecessarily strained. Proper voice use accelerates healing and prevents new lesions from forming.
In some cases, minor surgical procedures may be necessary. These procedures are typically performed in a way that preserves the vocal cords while removing the lesion. After surgery, voice exercises or speech therapy are often recommended to restore the voice close to its normal function.
During the treatment process, the doctor schedules regular follow-ups. These check-ups allow close monitoring of whether lesions recur or if there is any risk of cancer development. With early intervention, most changes can be prevented from turning into cancer.
In summary, early intervention, proper lifestyle, and regular monitoring are the most effective methods for recovery and prevention when changes in the vocal cords are detected.